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Ideology and media consumption, 1993-2008 Aeronaut

Contrary to what happens in most Anglo-Saxon countries, the media of our country are closely engaged with certain political and partisan interests. The independence of our media is rather low, as discussed Hallin and Mancini in his book "Comparing media systems" (2004), the agendas of the English media obey not only the news judgments about the value of the news but also respond to questions merely political.

In a way, the choice of media in Spain is characterized by high levels of external pluralism and low levels of internal pluralism, that is characterized by a variety of media with single-colored views that, taken together, set up a kiosk ideologically heterogeneous.

The lack of internal pluralism in the media in our country makes it easy to avoid exposure to the English and mixed messages when they consume information differing views policy. The English who want to protect views contrary to theirs should be limited simply to consume media related, as COPE rarely disturb its audience conservative nor progressive messages BE subject to its progressive hearing the hassle of comparing their ideas with conservative.

is for this reason that media consumption in Spain is characterized by high doses of ideological polarization. A year ago we showed in this entry that media consumption in Spain is highly influenced by the ideology of the consumer. As a result, most media have not a hearing ideologically moderate or centrist, but that reflects the highly ideological "sectarianism" of the media's editorial line.

This year I had the opportunity to take charge of the chapter on media in the 'Report on Democracy in Spain ' published by the Alternative Foundation sy, among other things, I tried to study this phenomenon in more detail : ideological polarization in media consumption. Among the various topics I discuss in this chapter, show a very telling graphic about how the ideological polarization in media consumption has evolved from 1990s to today.

Figure: Evolution of polarization (measured by standard deviation) of average consumers of the mainstream media in Spain. Data: CNEP-1993, Demoscopia-2004 and CIS-2008) .

the graph leads to two interesting conclusions:

(i) the press is the means to greater polarization . The ideological differences of the audience of the major newspapers of the country far superior to those of television and radio.

(ii) polarization ideology in the press and radio remained stable during the years 1993 and 2004, but this has increased substantially over the past four years (the opposite is true with television.)

The fact that the ideology increasingly amount when buying a newspaper or tune in a station is an indication that the media today show a more extreme ideological profile and less pluralistic. The growing ideological polarization in media consumption is a clear metaphor for what has happened in recent years in the political life of our country, characterized by increasing doses of tension.

But some newspapers and radios are more responsible than others for this growing ideological polarization. What? More on the Report on Democracy in Spain 200 9

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... or Monday: Alternatives Foundation presents the Report on Democracy 2009, the Cercle de Barcelona Economics-Provence 198 - at the hands of Pere Portabella Josep Ramonoeda Joaquin Estefania Juan Manuel Eguiegaray and Julian Santamaria. Is anybody coming?

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Catalog (II)

We encontarmos at a time sensitive to both carriers and users thereof. Major accidents such as the Air France Airbus three weeks ago in the Atlantic Ocean, in Barajas Spanair, or the Continental in Buffalo, in less than a year, do not help improve the financial status of companies that are treading water and seek ways to stay afloat by extravagant (for example, British Airways is asking employees to work free for a month.) Despite this situation and partly because many of us can not stop traveling, I wanted to recover the catalog of Aeronaut , we publish on the carpet for quite some time. I updated assessments and incorporated some new-from the experience of some recent trips. Also, I have set numerical grade (average check "eyeball") to companies. And I encourage readers to contribute the carpet in the evaluation, so that it can be a useful catalog for many.

Note that most companies "considered" make the Barcelona-New York route (with or without scale to other sites), and this is the one most often realize that writing this blog. But, again, allowed other companies.

SWISS AIRLINES (average: 9)

is great for cheap liners, with the only drawback of the trip is slightly longer than usual. For example, the flight Geneva - New York can take about nine hours. The biggest advantage of the company is the measure of the cabin crew (always friendly and smiling.) We also thank the usual punctuality, the cleanliness of the seats and bathrooms, and quality of food, which may eventually include Swiss chocolate mousse dessert and Camembert cheese. In Geneva and Zurich airports also are very comfortable transfers, and can even make good coffee. There are smoking areas that are not cages. The prices are usually affordable and, I guess to fill passages, find good deals last minute flights. AVIANCA

(average: 8)

is a great company, with direct flights from Bogota to Madrid and Barcelona, \u200b\u200ba crew of as pleasant, decent food, entertainment on demand (with individual screens.) I've been told is the best company to fly to Colombia, and I think so. I was very happy with my flight Bogota-Madrid, which also came and went with great punctuality. DELTA

(average score: 7)

has advantages and disadvantages are very similar to those of U.S. Airways as regards international flights. With direct flights to Barcelona from JFK, the journey is quite short. The flight is fast, but the plane is not less than ten food. The stewards are nicer than those of U.S. Airways, and not have to pay or the headphones or alcohol, which itself needs to be done in the first. However, there is individual television screens if you have to sit in a window probably can not see the movie. IBERIA

(average score: 7)

Iberia is fine if you travel from / to Madrid, but go to Barcelona is generally a nightmare because they almost always have to go through Terminal 4 and used to be torture (by the way I wrote this almost two years ago, and yesterday I had the same feeling of chaos and disorganization in T4!). I have come to spend more than five hours before reaching Barajas Barcelona. Iberia food is good and clean aircraft. Television screens are small, however, and not very spacious aircraft. Is good you can get more or less cheap tickets if you catch the deals they do. I do not dislike in terms of price and quality, but again, the big problem is Barajas Terminal 4. Alex says that the good thing is that Iberia also let you repeat drink every time you want, do not charge for it, including wine, and no one knows, but have 6 bottles of champagne to rich tourist class that almost no one asks but that is a delight to eat. :)

JET BLUE (average score: 7)

low cost is a company that offers a very decent service. I flew from New York to Bogotá with stops to Orlando, arriving with great punctuality and avoid delays and complications relating to the Caribbean climate. We were offered "snack" on both routes. The crew is not as pleasant, though. U.S. AIRWAYS

(average: 6)

is a great company for U.S. domestic flights. High punctuality and diligence (ie soft drinks and 'pretzels' included in all journeys, even short). Tiny flying to airports such as New Haven and central base from Philadephia Airport, which say it works very well. Not as good, however, so kindly referred to the crew, cleaning, and food on transatlantic flights. The big advantage is that it has direct flights to El Prat (Barcelona) or Venice airport, so the trip is short (the way Philadelphia - BCN can last 7 hours and little). The major drawbacks are that the planes are old, the bathrooms are not very clean, food is basically plastic, and the hostesses are not very nice. You have to buy tickets well in advance to get affordable prices. A last minute are very expensive.

CLICKAIR (average: 5) Pretty

disaster, but act responsibly when disasters like strikes by air traffic controllers and the like. As a company 'low cost', and has all the same problems: buses to go to the track, not including food and drink, trouble in the plane with luggage, etc.etc. RYANAIR

(average: 3)

Travel with Ryanair is almost like a joke. It's cheap, yes, but not enough to be treated like a sheep to cattle. I do not know where to start: tail to bill and to embark, uncontrolled passage (for the lack of stewards / as), airports far from the cities of destination, 'bingo' in the plane (¡!!!), horrible driving by drivers (why is that? still do not understand: I travel with Ryanair if I get dizzy, I notice that my ears are popping, and landing seems to be an aerobatic flight. It's because the planes are too large for such short trips? If any reader can provide information, I will be very grateful), uncomfortable seats.

AIR PLUS COMET (average: 2)

All problems of a company like Ryanair for intercontinental travel. A disaster in every way, including tardiness and lack of information. Prices are not very different from those of scheduled airlines and the feeling of insecurity is much higher. I would not recommend it for intercontinental flights. BRITISH AIRWAYS

(by John)

My company of choice every time I come and go. Looking ahead, the thing goes for 600 €. The planes are the best I've flown, the service has always been very English, proper and polite. The food is passable. And the best entertainment on board. Recently improved its system and is now "On Demand". That is, there are about 15-20 movies to choose from, and you can see in DVD mode: when you want and can pause and rewind as you please. The music selection is also impressive. Only Rock section had names like Arcade Fire, Maximo Park and Arctic Monkeys, reaching about 10 CDs just like that. And I leave the TV programs that offer because they never look at, really.

"British problem? The scale at Heathrow airport is the busiest I've seen in my life. Going through the security checkpoint can be a real pain in the ass. LUFTHANSA

(by John)

I have only caught once, so do not you toméis as very representative. However, although the planes are relatively large, is not a lot of space and, worse, are shared screen. For those who, like me, they lack the rigor movie, that's a problem. Another problem is that the scale is obviously in Germany (Frankfurt, usually), making it the longest transoceanic flight. AIR INDIA

(by John)

(Giggles not, eny?) It does not fly to Spain, but has cheap flights to Paris and London. Planes are late model (Boeing 797 "?), With 3 +5 +3 seats (as you can imagine, going through 5 is a Peñaza), crew are SuperCorrect and the food is surprisingly good for airline. Obviously, a Hindu, so if you like, because you can even enjoy. Problems? The flights are to Newark and the choice of seats on the flight from Europe is very limited. Planes coming from India and only stop to let people down. Those who go to India to U.S. continue in the same plane. Whereupon, to get on, you find the plane almost full, and that is where, when checking in, whatever you feel with your companion travel. To me that I had a little moral. AMERICAN AIRLINES



I have not had any problems traveling with AA in U.S. but I have commented that it is a company with many incidents. The other day, two acquaintances took over 48 hours of counting to get to Bogota. They were in Miami two days with almost no news of her flight. Obviously, this does not give very good reputation to the company.

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7-J, "again right? The Carpet Meets

I leave my collaboration on Public , I hope to make up my absolute silence during this election campaign.

7-J, "again right?

The victory of the PP in the elections of 7-J should not be interpreted as the beginning of a new electoral majority in Spain, as claimed Mayor Ear from the balcony of Genoa on election night last Sunday. The people's victory was clear, but not compelling enough to draw reliable conclusions from what would have happened in a general election.

The truth is that on Sunday the English did not vote exactly as if it were a simulation of the general, mainly because the continuity of government was not involved. Therefore, citizens could leave the strategic calculus on one side and "vote with your heart," as proposed by IU during the election campaign. On the other hand, those dissatisfied with the Government could make a light punishment vote: it was the perfect opportunity for those who wanted to send a protest but it was thereby contributing to a change of government.

This pattern different from that generated when voting, both in Spain and the rest of the EU, the major parties and, in particular those in the Government usually harvested worse in European elections. In our country, the party that occupies the Moncloa tends to lose in these elections an average of 3.3 percentage points to the nearest general, a figure very similar to that of other EU countries. The only exception to this regularity was held at the 2004 European, most likely because they were in full moon Honey Zapatero's first term. The results of 7-J represent a return to normal voting patterns unfavorable to the Government that usually occurs in such elections.

This time, the protest vote has been widespread throughout Europe. All heads of government of the 15 old EU members have seen their parties retreated with respect to their national elections. The electoral decline of the ruling parties in Europe has been, on average, slightly more than 8 percentage points. It is, in effect, results that respond to traditional anti-government bias "of the European elections. Still, the severity of punishment leaves no doubt that the economic crisis also has been an adverse factor for all EU governments.

Given this context as unfavorable to the European ruling parties, the PSOE has been known particularly graceful exit from the situation. This time the socialist government has seen its electoral support by 5 percentage points. This is, without doubt, decreasing more than the average loss of 3.3 points from previous races in Europe, but punishment is significantly lower than most neighboring countries. It is therefore an acceptable loss to the Government if we take into account the poor performance of their European counterparts and the devastating effects of the economic crisis on employment in our country. In

Indeed, part of the descent of the PSOE in respect of last year's general due to the demobilization of the electorate in Andalusia and Catalonia, and the significant decline in the latter region, where the socialist vote has fallen by nearly 10 percentage points. Catalan socialists have always been very adept at capturing the vote of fear when the PP is threatening to win the election. That is why the PSC has insisted the European elections in reissue the anti-PP successful campaign that gave such good results last year. This time the PSC has tried to frighten the Catalan electorate filling the streets with posters showing pictures of Aznar, Berlusconi and even former President Bush. But Catalonia has shown that the threat of a conservative European Parliament does not have the same rejection that the threat of a tenant in the Moncloa popular. Although this time the PSC has not achieved the desired results, would be a mistake to conclude that an anti-PP also fail in a hypothetical general election which decided the national government.

On the other hand, Izquierda Unida retains its two MEPs and the same percentage of votes in the 2008 general. This stability should not, however, blind us to the failure that these results represent the formation of the left. IU has missed the extraordinary opportunity offered him such a priori elections. Not only the single district electoral system reduces the incentive to vote strategically in many areas of Spain, but experience in other European countries shows that the minority parties, ideologically more extreme and more Eurosceptic positions, are often the favorite refuge plenty of discontent and protest vote in such elections. However, UI has been unable to articulate a strategy to attract potential punishment vote derived from the economic crisis and growing loss of trust in European institutions in our country. At this point, and hardly surprising. The history of UTI is missed opportunities, perhaps we are simply dealing with a chapter, but leaves many of us a real taste of epilogue.

The margin of victory of the PP can not assess the 7-J as the consolidation of a new majority in Spain, but it may be a cyclical change in the internal battle PP. Sunday's results definitely shielding Mariano Rajoy as the candidate for the upcoming elections. But avoid this noise that remains in the party? Lluis

Orriols is a political scientist and researcher at the University of Oxford

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5 Years

The June 9, 2004 this blog was born with a modest idea to keep in touch at half dozen students, who in their time together at the Foundation Juan March had become really good friends. Some went to make the Americas, others to the UK, and a couple would remain in Madrid, not for long. It seems that political science is doomed to exile in Spain, right?

We soon realized that some of the issues that we tried, the less personal, more people were interested ( duh!), So we started a little plant growing in that direction. Gradually, we learned on the fly, and especially you. We learned to be clearer to present the "facts" that our grandmother was able to understand what we said, to be kind to the bitter criticism, and we saw how that magically makes the other kind. And frankly, in those little highlights, in which a columnist for El Pais (Soledad Gallego Díaz) or MP (Rosa Díez) discloses your mini-research in the media-sin in your life you've seen this person - we felt a little proud. But most of those specific events, which has somehow justified to continue shelling surveys and data, has been your encouragement, participation and, of course, your patience with our biases varied.

In the coming days and weeks again have the pace as before, once we get rid of the ivy of reality we have been so busy lately. So, as they say in Puerto Rico literalized English, thanks to follow "patronizing"!

Happy Birthday, Green Carpet .